China - A Country Study

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Country Profile GEOGRAPHY SOCIETY ECONOMY TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS NATIONAL SECURITY Introduction Chapter 1. Historical Setting THE ANCIENT DYNASTIES The Dawn of History The Zhou Period The Hundred Schools of Thought THE IMPERIAL ERA Era of Disunity Restoration of Empire Mongolian Interlude The Chinese Regain Power The Rise of the Manchus EMERGENCE OF MODERN CHINA The Western Powers Arrive The Opium War, 1839-42 The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64 The Self-Strengthening Movement The Hundred Days' Reform and the Aftermath The Republican Revolution of 1911 REPUBLICAN CHINA Nationalism and Communism Opposing the Warlords Consolidation under the Guomindang Rise of the Communists Anti-Japanese War Return to Civil War THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA The Transition to Socialism, 1953-57 The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 Readjustment and Recovery, 1961-65 The Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 The Militant Phase, 1966-68 The Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise of Lin Biao, 1969-71 End of the Era of Mao Zedong, 1972-76 The Post-Mao Period, 1976-78 China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82 Chapter 2. Physical Environment and Population PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Boundaries Terrain and Drainage Climate Wildlife POPULATION Mortality and Fertility Population Control Programs Density and Distribution Migration Urbanization Emigration and Immigration Minority Nationalities Policy Labor Force Health Care Chapter 3. The Social System ETHNIC BOUNDARIES HAN DIVERSITY AND UNITY TRADITIONAL SOCIETY AND CULTURE Diffusion of Values The Confucian Legacy Traditional Social Structure The Examination System Social Stratification Stratification and Families Social Mobility SOCIAL CHANGE DIFFERENTIATION Communist Party Membership Urban-Rural Distinctions Regional Distinctions COMMON PATTERNS Work Units Wages and Benefits Informal Mechanisms of Exchange RURAL SOCIETY Decollectivization The Role of the Household Consequences of Rural Reform Regulations and Favors Family and Household Marriage Community Structure URBAN SOCIETY Distinctive Features Housing Families and Marriage Providing for the Next Generation Opportunities and Competition Examinations, Hereditary Transmission of Jobs, and Connections WOMEN RELIGION TRENDS AND TENSIONS Chapter 4. Education and Culture EDUCATION POLICY THE EDUCATION SYSTEM New Directions Compulsory Education Law Key Schools PRIMARY EDUCATION Preschool Education Special Education SECONDARY EDUCATION Vocational and Technical Schools HIGHER EDUCATION Modernization Goals in the 1980s Entrance Examinations and Admission Criteria Changes in Enrollment and Assignment Policies Scholarship and Loan System Study Abroad Educational Investment TEACHERS ADULT EDUCATION Alternative Forms Literacy and Language Reform POLICY TOWARD INTELLECTUALS Post-Mao Development CULTURE AND THE ARTS Classics Early Prose Early Poetry Later Prose Modern Prose Literature in the Post-Mao Period Traditional Arts Music Painting and Calligraphy Contemporary Performing Arts Radio and Television Folk and Variety Arts Publishing Newspapers Libraries and Archives Chapter 5. Economic Context GENERAL NATURE OF THE ECONOMY ECONOMIC POLICIES, 1949-80 Recovery from War, 1949-52 The First Five-Year Plan, 1953-57 The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 Readjustment and Recovery: "Agriculture First," 1961-65 Events During the Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 Resumption of Systematic Growth, 1970-74 The Gang of Four, 1974-76 The Post-Mao Interlude, 1976-78 Reform of the Economic System, Beginning in 1979 The Period of Readjustment, 1979-81 Reform and Opening, Beginning in 1982 STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF THE ECONOMY The Two Major Sectors: Agriculture and Industry Agriculture Industry Other Important Sectors Planning The Budget The Banking System Prices The Role of Prices Problems in Price Policy Inflation LIVING STANDARDS Food Clothing Consumer Goods Housing Income Distribution POTENTIAL FOR ACHIEVING NATIONAL GOALS Chapter 6. Agriculture RESOURCES ENDOWMENT AGRICULTURAL POLICIES The 1950s Importance of Agriculture Recognized Recovery Post-Mao Policies PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION OPERATIONAL METHODS AND INPUTS Fertilizer Mechanization Water Conservancy Pest Control Agricultural Science PRODUCTION Crops Animal Husbandry Forestry Fishery Sideline Production AGRICULTURAL TRADE Chapter 7. Industry TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION ORGANIZATION GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY SUPPLIES OF INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES Labor Raw Materials Energy MANUFACTURING Iron and Steel Machine Building Machine Tools Electric Power Equipment Transportation Equipment Metallurgical Equipment Electronics Chemicals Building Materials Paper Textiles Food Processing Other Consumer Goods CONSTRUCTION Capital Construction MINING Iron Ore Other Minerals and Metals ENERGY Electric and Nuclear Power RURAL INDUSTRY DEFENSE INDUSTRY Chapter 8. Trade and Transportation INTERNAL TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION Industry Lateral Economic Cooperation Retail Sales FOREIGN TRADE Trade Policy in the 1980s Organization of Foreign Trade Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Foreign Trade Corporations and Enterprises Financial Transactions and Investment Other Organizations Involved in Trade Composition of Foreign Trade Trading Partners Tourism TRANSPORTATION Railroads Subways Highways and Roads Bridges Inland Waterways Maritime Shipping Civil Aviation POSTAL SERVICES TELECOMMUNICATIONS Telecommunications Services Chapter 9. Science and Technology HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY Foreign Learning and Chinese Learning Soviet Influence in the 1950s "Reds" Versus "Experts" in the 1950s and 1960s Rehabilitation and Rethinking, 1977-84 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1980S Research Institutes National Organization and Administration State Science and Technology Commission National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission Research in Colleges, Universities, and Enterprises Planning Scientific Research Integration of Administrative Systems Leading Group for Science and Technology China Association of Science and Technology International Ties THE REFORM PROGRAM The Program The Relation with Economic Reform Technology Markets and Joint Ventures Personnel and Job Mobility TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Modes of Transfer Linking Technology and Economics Chapter 10. Party and Government CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY National Party Congresses Central Committee and Political Bureau Secretariat Central Military Commission Other Party Organs Membership Mass Organizations Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Democratic Parties Trade Unions Communist Youth League Women, Artists, Students, and Others THE GOVERNMENT The National People's Congress The State Council The Judiciary Local Administration The Cadre System THE MEDIA Chapter 11. The Political Process POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS AT THE PARTY CENTER Deng Xiaoping Consolidates Power Institutionalizing Collective Leadership A Successor Generation THE FIRST WAVE OF REFORM, 1979-84 The Opening Up Policy and Reform in the Countryside Rectification and Reform THE SECOND WAVE OF REFORM, 1984-86 The Repercussions of Urban Reform The Decentralization of Power THE THIRD WAVE OF REFORM, BEGINNING IN 1986 Political Reform Resistance and the Campaign Against Bourgeois Liberalization THE POLITICS OF MODERNIZATION The Components of Reform Competing Bureaucratic Interests Deng Xiaoping's Seminal Role MARXISM-LENINISM-MAO ZEDONG THOUGHT RE-THOUGHT The Role of Ideology Ideology and the Socialist Man Ideology and Social Change Chapter 12. Foreign Relations EVOLUTION OF FOREIGN POLICY Historical Legacy and Worldview Nationalism The Influence of Ideology Decision Making and Implementation Government and Party Organizations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Ministry of National Defense "People-to-People" Diplomacy The Decision-Making Process AN OVERVIEW OF CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS Sino-Soviet Relations Sino-American Relations Relations with the Third World Relations with the Developed World Japan Europe China's Role in International Organizations Chapter 13. Criminal Justice and Public Security THE LEGAL SYSTEM Republican China Developments after 1949 Early Years of the People's Republic, 1949-53 The Legal System under the 1954 State Constitution The Legal System under the 1975 State Constitution Return to Socialist Legality Legal Reforms in the 1982 State Constitution COURT STRUCTURE AND PROCESS LAW ENFORCEMENT Public Security Forces The People's Armed Police Force State Security Grass-Roots Organizations THE PENAL SYSTEM Chapter 14. National Defense HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, 1927-79 Military Modernization in the 1950s and 1960s The People's Liberation Army in the Cultural Revolution Military Modernization in the 1970s MILITARY MODERNIZATION Civil-Military Relations Political Role of the People's Liberation Army Party Control Popular Attitudes Toward the People's Liberation Army Military Organization Ministry of National Defense and National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission Operational Control General Staff Department General Political Department General Logistics Department Streamlining and Reduction in Force Doctrine, Strategy, and Tactics Education and Training Training Reforms Personnel Conditions of Service Promotion Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia Defense Industry and the Economic Role of the People's Liberation Army Military Expenditures Military Research and Development and the National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission Defense Industry Weapons Production The Role of Foreign Military Technology Arms Sales Civilian Production Economic Roles of the People's Liberation Army PERCEPTION OF THREAT Vietnam India South China Sea Taiwan FOREIGN MILITARY COOPERATION FORCE STRUCTURE Air Force Navy Nuclear Forces Paramilitary Forces Reserve Service System Production and Construction Corps People's Armed Police Force

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