Portugal - A Country Study

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Country Profile Society Economy Transportation and Communications Government and Politics National Security Introduction Chapter 1. Historical Setting ORIGINS OF PORTUGAL Early Inhabitants Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians Romanization Germanic Invasions Muslim Domination Christian Reconquest FORMATION OF THE MONARCHY Afonso Henriques Becomes King Territorial Enlargement Settlement and Cultivation Political and Social Organization Control of the Royal Patrimony Development of the Realm THE HOUSE OF AVIS Wars with Castile Anglo-Portuguese Alliance Social Revolution Intradynastic Struggle Assertion of Royal Supremacy MARITIME EXPANSION Early Voyages Sea Route to India Empire in Asia Colonization of Brazil Counter-Reformation and Overseas Evangelization IMPERIAL DECLINE Dynastic Crisis Iberian Union Restoration Development of Brazil Absolutism Peninsular Wars CONSTITUTIONALISM Revolution of 1820 War of the Two Brothers Moderate vs. Radical Liberals Rotativismo Portuguese Africa REPUBLICANISM The First Republic Military Dictatorship The New State The Social State Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT DEMOGRAPHY Population Size and Structure Emigration FAMILY AND KINSHIP RELATIONS Family Women The Extended Family and Kinship Relations SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL CLASSES The Elite The Middle Class The Lower Class A New Portugal? ETHNICITY AND ETHNIC GROUPS RELIGION AND THE ROLE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH History The Salazar Regime Changes After the Revolution of 1974 Religious Practices Non-Catholic Religious Groups EDUCATION SOCIAL WELFARE Social Welfare Programs Health Care Housing Chapter 3. The Economy ECONOMIC GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE The Economy of the Salazar Regime Changing Structure of the Economy Economic Growth, 1960-73 and 1981-90 REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE Nationalization The Brain Drain ROLE OF THE CONSOLIDATED PUBLIC SECTOR The Nonfinancial Public Enterprises The General Government Macroeconomic Disequilibria and Public Debt HUMAN RESOURCES AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION Employment and Sectoral Composition of the Labor Force Wages and the Distribution of Income AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHING Agricultural Zones Crops and Livestock Forestry and Fishing Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform Agricultural Policy and the European Community THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR Industrial Regions Industrial Organization Energy and Mineral Resources SERVICES Commerce and Tourism Transportation and Communications Banking and Finance FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS Composition and Direction of Trade The Balance of International Payments Tourism and Unilateral Transfers Foreign Direct Investment External Public Debt Chapter 4. Government and Politics THE REVOLUTION OF 1974 AND THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY The Salazar-Caetano Era Spí The Transition to Civilian Rule Consolidation of Democracy THE GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM Constitutional Development The Presidency The Council of State The Prime Minister The Council of Ministers The Assembly of the Republic The Judiciary Civil Service Local Government Autonomous Regions and Macau The Electoral System POLITICAL DYNAMICS Political Parties Far Left Portuguese Communist Party Socialist Party Social Democrat Party Party of the Social Democratic Center Far Right Popular Monarchist Party Other Parties Interest Groups Armed Forces Roman Catholic Church Economic Elites Organized Labor Middle Class Students and Intellectuals Peasants Political Events Since 1987 THE MEDIA FOREIGN RELATIONS Africa Western Europe United States Other Countries and Areas Chapter 5. National Security HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Military in the Salazar Era The Role of the Armed Forces in Africa Angola Portuguese Guinea Mozambique ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN PORTUGUESE POLITICAL LIFE The Military Takeover of 1974 The Armed Forces in Political Life after 1975 STRATEGIC CONCEPTS UNDERLYING THE PORTUGUESE DEFENSE POSTURE THE ARMED FORCES Army Navy Air Force Conditions of Service Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia Defense Expenditures PORTUGAL AND NATO BILATERAL MILITARY RELATIONS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES DOMESTIC DEFENSE PRODUCTION PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY The Police System National Republican Guard Public Security Police Other Police Forces Intelligence Services Terrorist Groups JUDICIAL SYSTEM Criminal Law Procedure Incidence of Crime Penal System

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